1. Disaster

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: A sudden natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life

Tamil Meaning: பேரழிவு

Malayalam Meaning: ദുരന്തം

Kannada Meaning: ಆಪದೆ

Synonyms: Catastrophe, calamity, tragedy, misfortune, crisis

Antonyms: Blessing, fortune, success, triumph, benefit

Usage in Sentence: The disaster in Uttarkashi highlights the urgent need for better early warning systems in mountainous regions.

2. Destabilisation

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: The process of making something unstable or causing it to become unsteady

Tamil Meaning: ஸ்திரமின்மை

Malayalam Meaning: അസ്ഥിരത

Kannada Meaning: ಅಸ್ಥಿರತೆ

Synonyms: Disruption, upheaval, imbalance, disorder, turbulence

Antonyms: Stabilisation, balance, equilibrium, steadiness, order

Usage in Sentence: The Himalayan region faces constant destabilisation due to tectonic activity and climate change.

3. Debris

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: Scattered fragments or remains of something destroyed

Tamil Meaning: இடிபாடுகள்

Malayalam Meaning: അവശിഷ്ടങ്ങൾ

Kannada Meaning: ಭಗ್ನಾವಶೇಷ

Synonyms: Rubble, wreckage, remains, fragments, ruins

Antonyms: Structure, whole, complete, intact, unbroken

Usage in Sentence: The flood carried massive amounts of debris that blocked roads and damaged infrastructure.

4. Triggered

Part of speech: Verb (past tense)

Meaning: Caused something to happen or set something in motion

Tamil Meaning: தூண்டியது

Malayalam Meaning: പ്രേരിപ്പിച്ചു

Kannada Meaning: ಪ್ರೇರೇಪಿಸಿತು

Synonyms: Initiated, activated, prompted, caused, sparked

Antonyms: Prevented, stopped, halted, suppressed, inhibited

Usage in Sentence: The heavy rainfall triggered landslides across several districts in the state.

5. Torrential

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Falling rapidly in copious quantities (especially rain)

Tamil Meaning: பெருவெள்ளமான

Malayalam Meaning: പെയ്യുന്ന

Kannada Meaning: ಧಾರಾಕಾರವಾಗಿ ಸುರಿಯುವ

Synonyms: Heavy, intense, driving, pelting, severe

Antonyms: Light, gentle, drizzling, sparse, mild

Usage in Sentence: The torrential rains in the region exceeded 30 centimetres in a single day.

6. Gushing

Part of speech: Verb (present participle)

Meaning: Flowing out rapidly

Tamil Meaning: பீறிட்டுப் பாய்ந்து

Malayalam Meaning: കുതിച്ചുവരുന്ന

Kannada Meaning: ಹರಿದು ಬರುವ

Synonyms: Rushing, flowing, streaming, pouring, surging

Antonyms: Trickling, seeping, dripping, oozing, stopping

Usage in Sentence: Water was gushing through the streets, carrying away everything in its path.

7. Engulfing

Part of speech: Verb (present participle)

Meaning: Completely surrounding or covering something

Tamil Meaning: விழுங்கி

Malayalam Meaning: വിഴുങ്ങി

Kannada Meaning: ಸುತ್ತುವರೆದು

Synonyms: Surrounding, enveloping, overwhelming, consuming, swallowing

Antonyms: Releasing, freeing, exposing, uncovering, revealing

Usage in Sentence: The floodwaters were engulfing houses and forcing residents to evacuate immediately.

8. Proximate

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Nearest in time, space and order; immediate

Tamil Meaning: அருகிலுள்ள

Malayalam Meaning: അടുത്തുള്ള

Kannada Meaning: ಸಮೀಪದ

Synonyms: Immediate, direct, closest, nearest, adjacent

Antonyms: Remote, distant, ultimate, far, indirect

Usage in Sentence: The proximate cause of the flooding was identified as exceptionally heavy rainfall over three days.

9. Fury

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: Wild or violent anger; extreme force or intensity

Tamil Meaning: கோபம்

Malayalam Meaning: കോപം

Kannada Meaning: ಕೋಪ

Synonyms: Rage, wrath, intensity, violence, ferocity

Antonyms: Calm, peace, gentleness, serenity, tranquillity

Usage in Sentence: The fury of the floodwaters demonstrated nature's overwhelming power.

10. Prompting

Part of speech: Verb (present participle)

Meaning: Encouraging or causing someone to take action

Tamil Meaning: தூண்டுதல்

Malayalam Meaning: പ്രേരിപ്പിക്കുന്ന

Kannada Meaning: ಪ್ರೇರೇಪಿಸುವುದು

Synonyms: Encouraging, inspiring, motivating, urging, spurring

Antonyms: Discouraging, deterring, preventing, hindering, suppressing

Usage in Sentence: The scale of destruction was prompting officials to reassess disaster preparedness measures.

11. Incapable

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Unable to do something

Tamil Meaning: இயலாத

Malayalam Meaning: കഴിയാത്ത

Kannada Meaning: ಅಸಮರ್ಥ

Synonyms: Unable, powerless, incompetent, unfit, inadequate

Antonyms: Capable, able, competent, skilled, proficient

Usage in Sentence: Current weather monitoring systems are incapable of providing accurate cloudburst predictions at high altitudes.

12. Computation

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: The action of mathematical calculation or the use of computers

Tamil Meaning: கணக்கீடு

Malayalam Meaning: കണക്കുകൂട്ടൽ

Kannada Meaning: ಗಣನೆ

Synonyms: Calculation, analysis, processing, evaluation, assessment

Antonyms: Guesswork, estimation, approximation, intuition, randomness

Usage in Sentence: Accurate computation of rainfall intensity requires sophisticated meteorological equipment.

13. Craggy

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Rocky and uneven; having a rough, broken surface

Tamil Meaning: பாறை நிறைந்த

Malayalam Meaning: പാറക്കെട്ടുകൾ നിറഞ്ഞ

Kannada Meaning: ಬಂಡೆಗಳಿಂದ ತುಂಬಿದ

Synonyms: Rocky, rugged, rough, jagged, uneven

Antonyms: Smooth, even, flat, level, polished

Usage in Sentence: The craggy terrain of the Himalayas makes rescue operations extremely challenging.

14. Undulating

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Having a smooth, wavelike motion or appearance

Tamil Meaning: அலையான

Malayalam Meaning: തരംഗങ്ങളുള്ള

Kannada Meaning: ಅಲೆಯಂತೆ ಇರುವ

Synonyms: Wavy, rolling, rippling, flowing, curving

Antonyms: Flat, straight, level, uniform, rigid

Usage in Sentence: The undulating landscape contributed to the rapid movement of floodwaters down the valley.

15. Copious

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Abundant in quantity; plentiful

Tamil Meaning: ஏராளமான

Malayalam Meaning: ധാരാളം

Kannada Meaning: ಹೇರಳ

Synonyms: Abundant, plentiful, extensive, ample, profuse

Antonyms: Scarce, meagre, sparse, limited, insufficient

Usage in Sentence: The copious amounts of rainwater overwhelmed the natural drainage systems.

16. Knee-jerk

Part of speech: Adjective (idiom)

Meaning: Immediately done without thinking

Tamil Meaning: உடனடியான

Malayalam Meaning: തൽക്ഷണ

Kannada Meaning: ತತ್ಕ್ಷಣದ

Synonyms: Automatic, impulsive, reflexive, spontaneous, immediate

Antonyms: Deliberate, considered, thoughtful, planned, calculated

Usage in Sentence: The knee-jerk reaction to classify every flood as a cloudburst prevents proper investigation.

17. Helplessness

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: A feeling of being unable to help oneself or act effectively

Tamil Meaning: உதவியற்ற நிலை

Malayalam Meaning: നിസ്സഹായത

Kannada Meaning: ಅಸಹಾಯತೆ

Synonyms: Powerlessness, vulnerability, weakness, incompetence, inadequacy

Antonyms: Capability, strength, power, competence, effectiveness

Usage in Sentence: Labelling natural disasters as unforeseeable events creates a false sense of helplessness.

18. Elicits

Part of speech: Verb

Meaning: Draws forth or brings out a response or reaction

Tamil Meaning: வெளிப்படுத்துகிறது

Malayalam Meaning: പുറത്തെടുക്കുന്നു

Kannada Meaning: ಹೊರತೆಗೆಯುತ್ತದೆ

Synonyms: Provokes, evokes, draws, extracts, brings forth

Antonyms: Suppresses, conceals, withholds, restrains, inhibits

Usage in Sentence: The disaster elicits sympathy but rarely leads to systematic preventive measures.

19. Commiseration

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: Sympathy and sorrow for the misfortunes of others

Tamil Meaning: இரங்கல்

Malayalam Meaning: സഹതാപം

Kannada Meaning: ಸಹಾನುಭೂತಿ

Synonyms: Sympathy, compassion, pity, condolence, empathy

Antonyms: Indifference, callousness, cruelty, apathy, coldness

Usage in Sentence: Public commiseration without concrete action does little to prevent future disasters.

20. Disbursement

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: The payment of money from a fund; distribution of money

Tamil Meaning: பணம் வழங்குதல்

Malayalam Meaning: പണം വിതരണം

Kannada Meaning: ಹಣ ವಿತರಣೆ

Synonyms: Payment, distribution, allocation, expenditure, payout

Antonyms: Collection, receipt, accumulation, saving, withholding

Usage in Sentence: The government announced a token disbursement of compensation for flood victims.

21. Outliers

Part of speech: Noun (plural)

Meaning: Things that are different from or exist outside the normal pattern

Tamil Meaning: வழக்கத்திற்கு மாறானவை

Malayalam Meaning: സാധാരണയിൽ നിന്നും വ്യത്യസ്തമായവ

Kannada Meaning: ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಲ್ಲದವು

Synonyms: Exceptions, anomalies, aberrations, deviations, irregularities

Antonyms: Norms, standards, typical cases, regularities, patterns

Usage in Sentence: These extreme weather events are no longer outliers but are becoming increasingly common.

22. Latent

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Existing but not yet developed or manifest; hidden

Tamil Meaning: மறைந்துள்ள

Malayalam Meaning: മറഞ്ഞിരിക്കുന്ന

Kannada Meaning: ಅಡಗಿದ

Synonyms: Hidden, dormant, concealed, potential, underlying

Antonyms: Manifest, obvious, apparent, visible, active

Usage in Sentence: Construction debris in hill areas acts as latent triggers for disasters during heavy rains.

23. Conducive

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Making a certain situation or outcome likely or possible

Tamil Meaning: உதவிகரமான

Malayalam Meaning: സഹായകരമായ

Kannada Meaning: ಸಹಾಯಕ

Synonyms: Favourable, helpful, beneficial, supportive, advantageous

Antonyms: Unfavourable, harmful, detrimental, obstructive, hindering

Usage in Sentence: Weather conditions must be conducive before rescue teams can begin relief operations.

24. Accumulation

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: The gradual gathering or building up of something over time

Tamil Meaning: சேர்த்து வைத்தல்

Malayalam Meaning: കൂട്ടിച്ചേർക്കൽ

Kannada Meaning: ಸಂಗ್ರಹ

Synonyms: Collection, build-up, gathering, amassing, stockpiling

Antonyms: Depletion, reduction, scattering, dispersal, distribution

Usage in Sentence: The accumulation of silt and debris in riverbeds increases flood risks significantly.

25. Buffer

Part of speech: Verb

Meaning: To lessen or moderate the impact of something harmful

Tamil Meaning: தடுத்து காத்தல்

Malayalam Meaning: കുറയ്ക്കുക

Kannada Meaning: ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡು

Synonyms: Cushion, absorb, reduce, mitigate, shield

Antonyms: Amplify, worsen, increase, intensify, aggravate

Usage in Sentence: Proper planning can help buffer the impact of climate-related disasters.

26. Inevitable

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Certain to happen; unavoidable

Tamil Meaning: தவிர்க்க முடியாத

Malayalam Meaning: അനിവാര്യമായ

Kannada Meaning: ಅನಿವಾರ್ಯ

Synonyms: Unavoidable, inescapable, certain, destined, bound

Antonyms: Avoidable, preventable, optional, uncertain, unlikely

Usage in Sentence: Climate change makes extreme weather events seem inevitable without proper mitigation.

27. Defamation

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: The action of damaging someone's reputation through false statements

Tamil Meaning: அவதூறு

Malayalam Meaning: അപകീർത്തിപ്പെടുത്തൽ

Kannada Meaning: ಅಪಖ್ಯಾತಿ

Synonyms: Slander, libel, calumny, vilification, character assassination

Antonyms: Praise, commendation, honour, acclaim, vindication

Usage in Sentence: The defamation case against the politician raised questions about freedom of speech.

28. Jurisprudence

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: The theory or philosophy of law; the science of law

Tamil Meaning: சட்ட இயல்

Malayalam Meaning: നിയമശാസ്ത്രം

Kannada Meaning: ನ್ಯಾಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ

Synonyms: Legal theory, law, legal philosophy, legal science, legislation

Antonyms: Lawlessness, anarchy, illegality, disorder, chaos

Usage in Sentence: The Supreme Court's decision will significantly influence constitutional jurisprudence.

29. Discourse

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: Written or spoken communication or debate on a particular topic

Tamil Meaning: உரையாடல்

Malayalam Meaning: പ്രസംഗം

Kannada Meaning: ಭಾಷಣ

Synonyms: Discussion, conversation, dialogue, debate, communication

Antonyms: Silence, monologue, muteness, speechlessness, quiet

Usage in Sentence: Democratic discourse requires the protection of dissenting voices and opposing viewpoints.

30. Problematic

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Presenting a problem or difficulty; questionable

Tamil Meaning: சிக்கலான

Malayalam Meaning: പ്രശ്നകരമായ

Kannada Meaning: ಸಮಸ್ಯಾಪೂರಿತ

Synonyms: Troublesome, difficult, questionable, controversial, complex

Antonyms: Straightforward, simple, clear, unproblematic, easy

Usage in Sentence: The court's problematic remarks on patriotism could set a dangerous precedent.

31. Adjudicate

Part of speech: Verb

Meaning: To make a formal judgement on a disputed matter

Tamil Meaning: நீதி வழங்கு

Malayalam Meaning: വിധി പറയുക

Kannada Meaning: ನ್ಯಾಯನಿರ್ಣಯ

Synonyms: Judge, decide, arbitrate, settle, determine

Antonyms: Defer, postpone, avoid, ignore, abstain

Usage in Sentence: Courts must adjudicate based on legal principles rather than personal opinions.

32. Pursues

Part of speech: Verb

Meaning: Follows or seeks to achieve a goal with determination

Tamil Meaning: பின்தொடர்தல்

Malayalam Meaning: പിന്തുടരുന്നു

Kannada Meaning: ಅನುಸರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ

Synonyms: Seeks, follows, chases, strives, endeavours

Antonyms: Abandons, avoids, ignores, retreats, surrenders

Usage in Sentence: A true democrat pursues accountability even when it challenges popular narratives.

33. Credible

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Able to be believed; convincing and reliable

Tamil Meaning: நம்பகமான

Malayalam Meaning: വിശ്വസനീയമായ

Kannada Meaning: ನಂಬಲರ್ಹ

Synonyms: Believable, reliable, trustworthy, plausible, convincing

Antonyms: Incredible, unreliable, doubtful, questionable, implausible

Usage in Sentence: The opposition leader cited credible intelligence reports about intrusions.

34. Intrusions

Part of speech: Noun (plural)

Meaning: Instances of entering someone's domain without permission

Tamil Meaning: ஊடுருவல்கள்

Malayalam Meaning: കടന്നുകയറ്റങ്ങൾ

Kannada Meaning: ಆಕ್ರಮಣಗಳು

Synonyms: Invasions, encroachments, trespasses, infiltrations, violations

Antonyms: Withdrawals, retreats, departures, evacuations, exits

Usage in Sentence: Satellite imagery confirmed multiple intrusions across the border lines.

35. Legitimate

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Conforming to the law or rules; justified and acceptable

Tamil Meaning: நியாயமான

Malayalam Meaning: ന്യായമായ

Kannada Meaning: ಸರಿಯಾದ

Synonyms: Valid, lawful, justified, proper, rightful

Antonyms: Illegitimate, unlawful, invalid, improper, unjustified

Usage in Sentence: Questioning government policies falls within the legitimate scope of opposition politics.

36. Critiquing

Part of speech: Verb (present participle)

Meaning: Evaluating something in a detailed and analytical way

Tamil Meaning: விமர்சித்தல்

Malayalam Meaning: വിമർശിക്കുന്ന

Kannada Meaning: ವಿಮರ್ಶಿಸುವುದು

Synonyms: Analysing, evaluating, reviewing, examining, assessing

Antonyms: Praising, accepting, endorsing, approving, supporting

Usage in Sentence: Critiquing government policies is essential for democratic accountability.

37. Undermine

Part of speech: Verb

Meaning: To weaken or damage something gradually

Tamil Meaning: குறைமதிப்பிற்கு உட்படுத்து

Malayalam Meaning: ദുർബലപ്പെടുത്തുക

Kannada Meaning: ದುರ್ಬಲಗೊಳಿಸು

Synonyms: Weaken, sabotage, damage, impair, erode

Antonyms: Strengthen, support, bolster, reinforce, fortify

Usage in Sentence: Legitimate criticism should not be seen as attempts to undermine national security.

38. Criticism

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: The expression of disapproval based on perceived faults

Tamil Meaning: விமர்சனம்

Malayalam Meaning: വിമർശനം

Kannada Meaning: ಟೀಕೆ

Synonyms: Disapproval, censure, condemnation, fault-finding, critique

Antonyms: Praise, approval, commendation, endorsement, acclaim

Usage in Sentence: Constructive criticism of government policies strengthens democratic institutions.

39. Indispensable

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Absolutely necessary; essential

Tamil Meaning: இன்றியமையாத

Malayalam Meaning: അത്യാവശ്യമായ

Kannada Meaning: ಅತ್ಯಗತ್ಯ

Synonyms: Essential, vital, crucial, necessary, required

Antonyms: Dispensable, unnecessary, optional, superfluous, expendable

Usage in Sentence: Opposition voices are indispensable for maintaining checks and balances in democracy.

40. Implying

Part of speech: Verb (present participle)

Meaning: Suggesting something without explicitly stating it

Tamil Meaning: குறிப்பிடுதல்

Malayalam Meaning: സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്ന

Kannada Meaning: ಸೂಚಿಸುವುದು

Synonyms: Suggesting, hinting, indicating, insinuating, signifying

Antonyms: Stating, declaring, expressing, clarifying, specifying

Usage in Sentence: The court's remarks were implying that dissent equals disloyalty to the nation.

41. Dissent

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: The holding or expression of opinions at variance with official policy

Tamil Meaning: கருத்து வேறுபாடு

Malayalam Meaning: അഭിപ്രായവ്യത്യാസം

Kannada Meaning: ವಿರೋಧಾಭಿಪ್ರಾಯ

Synonyms: Disagreement, opposition, objection, protest, discord

Antonyms: Agreement, consent, approval, conformity, compliance

Usage in Sentence: Democratic dissent is protected under constitutional guarantees of free speech.

42. Inimical

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Tending to obstruct or harm; unfriendly or hostile

Tamil Meaning: எதிரான

Malayalam Meaning: ശത്രുതാപരമായ

Kannada Meaning: ವಿರೋಧಿಯಾದ

Synonyms: Hostile, adverse, harmful, unfavourable, antagonistic

Antonyms: Friendly, favourable, beneficial, supportive, helpful

Usage in Sentence: Such judicial observations create an inimical environment for free political expression.

43. Confrontations

Part of speech: Noun (plural)

Meaning: Hostile or argumentative meetings between opposing parties

Tamil Meaning: மோதல்கள்

Malayalam Meaning: ഏറ്റുമുട്ടലുകൾ

Kannada Meaning: ಸಂಘರ್ಷಗಳು

Synonyms: Clashes, conflicts, disputes, encounters, altercations

Antonyms: Agreements, reconciliations, peace, harmony, cooperation

Usage in Sentence: Border confrontations between the two nations have increased tensions significantly.

44. Documented

Part of speech: Verb (past tense)

Meaning: Recorded in written, photographic or other form; provided with evidence

Tamil Meaning: ஆவணப்படுத்தியது

Malayalam Meaning: രേഖപ്പെടുത്തി

Kannada Meaning: ದಾಖಲಿಸಿದ

Synonyms: Recorded, registered, certified, evidenced, substantiated

Antonyms: Undocumented, unrecorded, unsubstantiated, informal, verbal

Usage in Sentence: International media has documented extensive infrastructure development along disputed borders.

45. Aftermath

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: The consequences or after-effects of a significant unpleasant event

Tamil Meaning: பின்விளைவு

Malayalam Meaning: അനന്തരഫലം

Kannada Meaning: ಪರಿಣಾಮ

Synonyms: Consequences, results, effects, repercussions, outcomes

Antonyms: Precursor, prelude, antecedent, cause, beginning

Usage in Sentence: The aftermath of the border clash continues to influence the two country relations.

46. Corroborated

Part of speech: Verb (past tense)

Meaning: Confirmed or gave support to a statement or theory

Tamil Meaning: உறுதிப்படுத்தியது

Malayalam Meaning: സ്ഥിരീകരിച്ചു

Kannada Meaning: ದೃಢೀಕರಿಸಿದ

Synonyms: Confirmed, verified, validated, substantiated, supported

Antonyms: Contradicted, refuted, disputed, denied, challenged

Usage in Sentence: Multiple intelligence sources have corroborated reports of territorial losses along the border.

47. Substantial

Part of speech: Adjective

Meaning: Of considerable importance, size or worth; large in amount

Tamil Meaning: கணிசமான

Malayalam Meaning: ഗണ്യമായ

Kannada Meaning: ಗಣನೀಯ

Synonyms: Significant, considerable, large, major, extensive

Antonyms: Insignificant, minor, small, negligible, trivial

Usage in Sentence: Intelligence reports suggest substantial changes in patrol patterns along the disputed border.

48. Transgressions

Part of speech: Noun (plural)

Meaning: Acts that go against a law, rule or code of conduct; violations

Tamil Meaning: மீறல்கள்

Malayalam Meaning: ലംഘനങ്ങൾ

Kannada Meaning: ಉಲ್ಲಂಘನೆಗಳು

Synonyms: Violations, breaches, infractions, offences, trespasses

Antonyms: Compliance, adherence, obedience, conformity, respect

Usage in Sentence: Border transgressions by neighbouring countries require diplomatic and strategic responses.

49. Status-quo

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: The existing state of affairs; the current situation

Tamil Meaning: தற்போதைய நிலை

Malayalam Meaning: നിലവിലെ അവസ്ഥ

Kannada Meaning: ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ

Synonyms: Current state, existing condition, present situation, established order

Antonyms: Change, transformation, revolution, alteration, modification

Usage in Sentence: Military experts argue that the neighbouring country has successfully altered the border status-quo.

50. Temptation

Part of speech: Noun

Meaning: The desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise

Tamil Meaning: சலனம்

Malayalam Meaning: പ്രലോഭനം

Kannada Meaning: ಪ್ರಲೋಭನೆ

Synonyms: Urge, inclination, desire, attraction, allurement

Antonyms: Resistance, restraint, aversion, repulsion, abstinence

Usage in Sentence: Courts must resist the temptation to make moral judgements beyond their legal mandate.