​ The Hindu Editorial Analysis – 21 June 2025

Learn English Vocabulary – The Hindu EDITORIAL – 21 June 2025

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No fetters
In Thug Life case, Court upholds certified films against extra-judicial bans

In ensuring the screening of the film Thug Life — thespian Kamal Haasan plays the lead role — in Karnataka, the Supreme Court of India has unequivocally asserted a fundamental free speech principle that certified films cannot be stifled by protests or a recourse to “hurt sentiments”. Following Mr. Haasan’s comment in a pre-launch event, that Kannada was born from Tamil (it is factually inaccurate as both languages have been known to share a proto-Dravidian ancestor), the film has faced an extra-judicial ban in Karnataka; the Karnataka High Court had suggested that he apologise. The Supreme Court’s directions however repudiate this “moral” position taken by the High Court, bringing into focus the judiciary’s role as a guardian of due process. After the film was certified by the CBFC, there should be no fetters on its release, and, therefore, the extra-judicial ban violated the rule of law. The film certification framework, governed by the Cinematograph Act, 1952 and its rules, is designed to safeguard creativity, while maintaining a balance between constitutionally mandated free speech and reasonable restrictions. The CBFC, equipped to vet films with these legal standards, is solely tasked with doing so. Amorphous groups claiming “hurt sentiments” to intimidate a film’s release have no role in this. Giving in to such claims risks violating free speech rights and hurting the livelihoods of actors, artists, technicians and workers. The top court rightly characterised extra-judicial bans as a direct infringement on film-makers’ constitutionally guaranteed right to freedom of speech and expression.

By emphatically rejecting the extra-judicial ban, the Court has reiterated its positions that maintaining law and order in the face of divergent views is the state’s responsibility. It is vital to understand that certified and regulated freedom of speech, as assessed by the CBFC, is distinct from hate speech, which finds no constitutional protection and can be legally restricted. This crucial distinction underscores that legitimate artistic expression, once cleared by the designated authority, deserves state protection. Moving forward, the Court’s directions should pave the way for the state to provide institutional safeguards against unofficial bans overriding the CBFC’s certification and release. These could include holding theatre owners accountable for unwarranted cancellations of scheduled releases, policing guidelines that distinguish lawful dissent from illegal intimidation and also allowing for citizens to watch a certified film without fear.

Quantum challenge
Administrative reform is essential for India to make advances

Scientists from IIT-Delhi and the DRDO recently demonstrated a key advance in quantum cybersecurity that stands to revolutionise how the world will communicate in the future. The world’s secrets are currently stored and communicated via channels that are protected by difficult mathematical problems. Over the years, an increasing amount of computing power available to certain actors has forced these problems to become difficult and nigh-uncrackable. The imminence of quantum computing requires this paradigm to change because quantum computers can (at least on paper) solve problems currently out of reach of the most powerful conventional supercomputers. Quantum cybersecurity is one prong of this change, promising to protect communication channels irrespective of the computing power available to malicious actors. The IIT-Delhi and DRDO team successfully demonstrated a quantum key-distribution scheme through one kilometre of free space on the institute’s campus. Such a technology allows two individuals (or stations) located a kilometre apart to securely access messages they send each other. If an eavesdropper tries to intercept any message, instantaneous changes in the keys the individuals use to decrypt the messages will reveal the channel has been compromised, and in a way that the eavesdropper cannot prevent. If scaled up to include satellites, the technology could allow stations anywhere in India to exchange information through a quantum network without fear of being compromised.

Herein lies the rub. Quantum communications is one of the four themes of the National Quantum Mission, approved in 2023 with an outlay of ₹6,003 crore until 2031. Many of the same problems assailing fundamental research in India have already beset research under the Mission, however. A small fraction of the outlay has been disbursed thus far even as venture capital flow into startups remains trivial. Scientists have complained that just-in-time funding, absence of single-window clearances, and documentation requirements have increased the duration of projects. There are persistent foreign hardware and software dependencies: materials required for specific use-cases, such as cryostats and sensors, need to be fabricated abroad while most quantum software stacks are currently implemented by multinational companies. Government pay does not match global offers and lack of timely access to resources has forced researchers to accept short-term contracts and rent equipment. In fact, India’s commitment, itself down from the ₹8,000 crore announced in 2020, is dwarfed by those of the U.S. and China, which are five- and 20-times higher, respectively. If the demonstration at IIT-Delhi is to scale, the government cannot simply ‘clip on’ scientific talent and technological and economic opportunity to existing infrastructure. Administrative reform is essential.

Editorial Vocabulary

1. thespian

Type: (Part of speech: Noun)
Meaning: An actor or actress, especially a professional one
Tamil Meaning: நடிகர்/நடிகை
Malayalam Meaning: നടൻ/നടി
Kannada Meaning: ನಟ/ನಟಿ
Synonyms: actor, performer, player, artist
Antonyms: audience, spectator, viewer
Example Sentence: The renowned thespian delivered a captivating performance that left the audience spellbound.

2. unequivocally

Type: (Part of speech: Adverb)
Meaning: In a way that leaves no doubt; clearly and unambiguously
Tamil Meaning: சந்தேகமின்றி
Malayalam Meaning: സംശയമില്ലാതെ
Kannada Meaning: ನಿಸ್ಸಂದೇಹವಾಗಿ
Synonyms: clearly, definitely, absolutely, categorically
Antonyms: ambiguously, uncertainly, doubtfully
Example Sentence: The Supreme Court unequivocally rejected the petition for an extra-judicial ban on the film.

3. asserted

Type: (Part of speech: Verb)
Meaning: To state or declare positively and forcefully
Tamil Meaning: உறுதியாக கூறினார்
Malayalam Meaning: ഉറപ്പിച്ചു പറഞ്ഞു
Kannada Meaning: ದೃಢವಾಗಿ ಹೇಳಿದರು
Synonyms: affirmed, declared, maintained, proclaimed
Antonyms: denied, retracted, withdrew, disclaimed
Example Sentence: The judge asserted that freedom of expression must be protected under all circumstances.

4. stifled

Type: (Part of speech: Verb)
Meaning: To suppress or restrain; to prevent from being expressed
Tamil Meaning: அடக்கப்பட்ட
Malayalam Meaning: അടക്കിപ്പിടിച്ച
Kannada Meaning: ನಿಗ್ರಹಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ
Synonyms: suppressed, restrained, muffled, curtailed
Antonyms: encouraged, promoted, facilitated, liberated
Example Sentence: Artistic creativity should not be stifled by baseless protests and moral policing.

5. recourse

Type: (Part of speech: Noun)
Meaning: A source of help in a difficult situation; the use of someone or something as a source of help
Tamil Meaning: உதவி நாடுதல்
Malayalam Meaning: സഹായം തേടൽ
Kannada Meaning: ಸಹಾಯ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು
Synonyms: resort, option, alternative, remedy
Antonyms: abandonment, neglect, avoidance
Example Sentence: The protesters had no legal recourse to ban the film after it received proper certification.

6. extra-judicial

Type: (Part of speech: Adjective)
Meaning: Outside the normal operation of the law; not legally authorised
Tamil Meaning: நீதிமன்றத்திற்கு அப்பாற்பட்ட
Malayalam Meaning: നിയമത്തിന് പുറത്തുള്ള
Kannada Meaning: ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯದ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಯ ಹೊರಗಿನ
Synonyms: illegal, unauthorised, unlawful, unofficial
Antonyms: legal, authorised, official, judicial
Example Sentence: Extra-judicial bans on certified films violate the fundamental principles of democracy.

7. repudiate

Type: (Part of speech: Verb)
Meaning: To reject or refuse to acknowledge; to deny the validity of
Tamil Meaning: மறுத்தல்
Malayalam Meaning: നിരാകരിക്കുക
Kannada Meaning: ನಿರಾಕರಿಸು
Synonyms: reject, denounce, disown, disclaim
Antonyms: accept, acknowledge, embrace, endorse
Example Sentence: The Supreme Court chose to repudiate the High Court's suggestion for an apology.

8. guardian

Type: (Part of speech: Noun)
Meaning: A protector or defender of something; one who guards or protects
Tamil Meaning: காவலர்
Malayalam Meaning: കാവൽക്കാരൻ
Kannada Meaning: ರಕ್ಷಕ
Synonyms: protector, defender, custodian, keeper
Antonyms: destroyer, enemy, opponent, violator
Example Sentence: The judiciary serves as the guardian of constitutional rights and freedoms.

9. fetters

Type: (Part of speech: Noun)
Meaning: Chains or restraints used to restrict freedom; anything that restricts or restrains
Tamil Meaning: கட்டுப்பாடுகள்
Malayalam Meaning: ബന്ധനങ്ങൾ
Kannada Meaning: ಸಂಕೋಲೆಗಳು
Synonyms: chains, restraints, shackles, bonds
Antonyms: freedom, liberation, release, independence
Example Sentence: A democratic society must ensure there are no fetters on legitimate artistic expression.

10. safeguard

Type: (Part of speech: Verb)
Meaning: To protect from harm or damage; to ensure the safety of
Tamil Meaning: பாதுகாத்தல்
Malayalam Meaning: സംരക്ഷിക്കുക
Kannada Meaning: ರಕ್ಷಿಸು
Synonyms: protect, defend, preserve, secure
Antonyms: endanger, threaten, expose, jeopardise
Example Sentence: The certification framework is designed to safeguard creative freedom while maintaining social harmony.

11. mandated

Type: (Part of speech: Verb/Adjective)
Meaning: Given official authority or required by law; commanded or instructed
Tamil Meaning: கட்டாயமாக்கப்பட்ட
Malayalam Meaning: നിർബന്ധിതമായ
Kannada Meaning: ಕಡ್ಡಾಯವಾದ
Synonyms: required, ordered, commanded, authorised
Antonyms: optional, voluntary, discretionary, forbidden
Example Sentence: Free speech is a constitutionally mandated right that cannot be arbitrarily restricted.

12. vet

Type: (Part of speech: Verb)
Meaning: To examine or investigate thoroughly; to check for accuracy or suitability
Tamil Meaning: முழுமையாக சோதித்தல்
Malayalam Meaning: പൂർണ്ണമായി പരിശോധിക്കുക
Kannada Meaning: ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸು
Synonyms: examine, scrutinise, inspect, review
Antonyms: ignore, overlook, neglect, approve blindly
Example Sentence: The CBFC is responsible to vet films according to established legal standards.

13. amorphous

Type: (Part of speech: Adjective)
Meaning: Without a clearly defined shape or form; vague or ill-organised
Tamil Meaning: உருவமற்ற
Malayalam Meaning: രൂപരഹിതമായ
Kannada Meaning: ಆಕಾರವಿಲ್ಲದ
Synonyms: shapeless, undefined, vague, formless
Antonyms: structured, organised, defined, clear
Example Sentence: Amorphous groups with no legal standing cannot dictate what films should be released.

14. intimidate

Type: (Part of speech: Verb)
Meaning: To frighten or threaten someone to make them do something
Tamil Meaning: அச்சுறுத்தல்
Malayalam Meaning: ഭീഷണിപ്പെടുത്തുക
Kannada Meaning: ಬೆದರಿಸು
Synonyms: threaten, frighten, bully, coerce
Antonyms: encourage, support, reassure, comfort
Example Sentence: No group has the right to intimidate filmmakers into withdrawing their certified productions.

15. livelihoods

Type: (Part of speech: Noun)
Meaning: Means of securing the necessities of life; ways of earning money to live
Tamil Meaning: வாழ்வாதாரம்
Malayalam Meaning: ഉപജീവനം
Kannada Meaning: ಜೀವನೋಪಾಯ
Synonyms: earnings, income, subsistence, occupation
Antonyms: unemployment, poverty, destitution
Example Sentence: Film bans affect the livelihoods of thousands of people working in the entertainment industry.

16. infringement

Type: (Part of speech: Noun)
Meaning: The action of breaking the terms of a law, agreement or right
Tamil Meaning: மீறல்
Malayalam Meaning: ലംഘനം
Kannada Meaning: ಉಲ್ಲಂಘನೆ
Synonyms: violation, breach, transgression, contravention
Antonyms: compliance, adherence, observance, respect
Example Sentence: Extra-judicial bans constitute a serious infringement on fundamental rights.

17. emphatically

Type: (Part of speech: Adverb)
Meaning: In a forceful way; with emphasis and conviction
Tamil Meaning: வலியுறுத்தி
Malayalam Meaning: ഊന്നിപ്പറഞ്ഞ്
Kannada Meaning: ಒತ್ತಿ ಹೇಳಿದರು
Synonyms: forcefully, strongly, decisively, firmly
Antonyms: weakly, hesitantly, tentatively, mildly
Example Sentence: The Court emphatically stated that certified films deserve constitutional protection.

18. reiterated

Type: (Part of speech: Verb)
Meaning: To say something again or repeatedly, typically for emphasis
Tamil Meaning: மீண்டும் கூறினார்
Malayalam Meaning: വീണ്ടും പറഞ്ഞു
Kannada Meaning: ಪುನರಾವರ್ತಿಸಿದರು
Synonyms: repeated, restated, emphasised, reaffirmed
Antonyms: withdrew, retracted, contradicted, denied
Example Sentence: The Supreme Court reiterated its commitment to protecting freedom of expression.

19. divergent

Type: (Part of speech: Adjective)
Meaning: Tending to be different or develop in different directions; differing
Tamil Meaning: வேறுபட்ட
Malayalam Meaning: വ്യത്യസ്തമായ
Kannada Meaning: ವಿಭಿನ್ನವಾದ
Synonyms: different, varying, conflicting, contrasting
Antonyms: similar, convergent, uniform, identical
Example Sentence: In a democracy, divergent views must be tolerated and protected.

20. regulated

Type: (Part of speech: Adjective/Verb)
Meaning: Controlled or supervised by rules or laws; subject to regulation
Tamil Meaning: ஒழுங்குபடுத்தப்பட்ட
Malayalam Meaning: നിയന്ത്രിതമായ
Kannada Meaning: ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿತ
Synonyms: controlled, governed, supervised, managed
Antonyms: unregulated, uncontrolled, unrestricted, chaotic
Example Sentence: The film industry operates under a regulated framework that balances creativity with social responsibility.

21. underscores

Type: (Part of speech: Verb)
Meaning: To emphasise; to give emphasis to something
Tamil Meaning: வலியுறுத்துகிறது
Malayalam Meaning: ഊന്നിപ്പറയുന്നു
Kannada Meaning: ಒತ್ತಿ ಹೇಳುತ್ತದೆ
Synonyms: emphasises, highlights, stresses, accentuates
Antonyms: downplays, minimises, de-emphasises, obscures
Example Sentence: This ruling underscores the importance of due process in a democratic society.

22. legitimate

Type: (Part of speech: Adjective)
Meaning: Conforming to the law or rules; able to be defended with logic or justification
Tamil Meaning: சட்டபூர்வமான
Malayalam Meaning: നിയമാനുസൃതമായ
Kannada Meaning: ನ್ಯಾಯಸಮ್ಮತ
Synonyms: lawful, legal, valid, justified
Antonyms: illegitimate, illegal, invalid, unjustified
Example Sentence: Legitimate artistic expression deserves protection from arbitrary interference.

23. overriding

Type: (Part of speech: Verb/Adjective)
Meaning: More important than anything else; taking precedence over
Tamil Meaning: மேலோங்கி நிற்கும்
Malayalam Meaning: മറികടക്കുന്ന
Kannada Meaning: ಅತಿಕ್ರಮಿಸುವ
Synonyms: superseding, prevailing, dominating, surpassing
Antonyms: subordinate, secondary, minor, yielding
Example Sentence: No unofficial authority should have overriding power over certified film releases.

24. unwarranted

Type: (Part of speech: Adjective)
Meaning: Not justified or authorised; having no good reason
Tamil Meaning: தேவையற்ற
Malayalam Meaning: അനാവശ്യമായ
Kannada Meaning: ಅನಗತ್ಯ
Synonyms: unjustified, unnecessary, groundless, baseless
Antonyms: warranted, justified, necessary, reasonable
Example Sentence: Theatre owners should be held accountable for unwarranted cancellations of film screenings.

25. dissent

Type: (Part of speech: Noun/Verb)
Meaning: The expression of opinions at variance with those previously held; disagreement
Tamil Meaning: கருத்து வேறுபாடு
Malayalam Meaning: വിയോജിപ്പ്
Kannada Meaning: ಭಿನ್ನಾಭಿಪ್ರಾಯ
Synonyms: disagreement, opposition, protest, objection
Antonyms: agreement, consent, approval, accord
Example Sentence: Peaceful dissent is a democratic right, but illegal intimidation crosses the line.

26. computing

Type: (Part of speech: Noun/Verb)
Meaning: The use of computers to process data; the activity of using computers
Tamil Meaning: கணினி பயன்பாடு
Malayalam Meaning: കമ്പ്യൂട്ടിംഗ്
Kannada Meaning: ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟಿಂಗ್
Synonyms: calculation, data processing, programming
Antonyms: manual work, non-digital processing
Example Sentence: Quantum computing promises to revolutionise how we approach complex mathematical problems.

27. nigh-uncrackable

Type: (Part of speech: Adjective)
Meaning: Almost impossible to break or solve; nearly impenetrable
Tamil Meaning: கிட்டத்தட்ட உடைக்க முடியாத
Malayalam Meaning: ഏതാണ്ട് പൊട്ടിക്കാൻ കഴിയാത്ത
Kannada Meaning: ಬಹುತೇಕ ಮುರಿಯಲಾಗದ
Synonyms: impenetrable, invulnerable, unbreakable, secure
Antonyms: vulnerable, breakable, weak, penetrable
Example Sentence: Current encryption methods are considered nigh-uncrackable by conventional computers.

28. imminence

Type: (Part of speech: Noun)
Meaning: The state of being about to happen; nearness in time
Tamil Meaning: உடனடி வரவு
Malayalam Meaning: ആസന്നത്വം
Kannada Meaning: ಸಮೀಪದಲ್ಲಿರುವಿಕೆ
Synonyms: nearness, proximity, closeness, approach
Antonyms: distance, remoteness, postponement, delay
Example Sentence: The imminence of quantum computing requires urgent preparation in cybersecurity protocols.

29. paradigm

Type: (Part of speech: Noun)
Meaning: A typical example or pattern; a conceptual framework
Tamil Meaning: முன்மாதிரி
Malayalam Meaning: മാതൃക
Kannada Meaning: ಮಾದರಿ
Synonyms: model, framework, pattern, standard
Antonyms: deviation, exception, anomaly, irregularity
Example Sentence: The advent of quantum computing will shift the entire paradigm of data security.

30. conventional

Type: (Part of speech: Adjective)
Meaning: Based on what is generally done or believed; traditional
Tamil Meaning: பாரம்பரிய
Malayalam Meaning: പരമ്പരാഗത
Kannada Meaning: ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ
Synonyms: traditional, standard, orthodox, typical
Antonyms: unconventional, innovative, radical, revolutionary
Example Sentence: Conventional supercomputers cannot solve the complex problems that quantum computers can tackle.

31. prong

Type: (Part of speech: Noun)
Meaning: Each of two or more aspects of a plan or attack; a pointed part
Tamil Meaning: முனை
Malayalam Meaning: മുന
Kannada Meaning: ಮುನೆ
Synonyms: aspect, approach, element, component
Antonyms: whole, entirety, unity, single approach
Example Sentence: Quantum cybersecurity represents one important prong of the technological revolution.

32. malicious

Type: (Part of speech: Adjective)
Meaning: Characterised by malice; intending to do harm
Tamil Meaning: தீங்கு செய்யும் நோக்கமுள்ள
Malayalam Meaning: ദോഷകരമായ
Kannada Meaning: ಹಾನಿಕಾರಕ
Synonyms: harmful, spiteful, vindictive, hostile
Antonyms: benevolent, kind, helpful, protective
Example Sentence: Quantum encryption can protect communications from malicious actors seeking to steal sensitive data.

33. eavesdropper

Type: (Part of speech: Noun)
Meaning: A person who secretly listens to the private conversation of others
Tamil Meaning: மறைந்து கேட்பவர்
Malayalam Meaning: ഒളിച്ചു കേൾക്കുന്നവൻ
Kannada Meaning: ಗುಪ್ತವಾಗಿ ಕೇಳುವವನು
Synonyms: spy, listener, interceptor, snoop
Antonyms: open communicator, honest participant
Example Sentence: Quantum key distribution can instantly detect any eavesdropper attempting to intercept messages.

34. intercept

Type: (Part of speech: Verb)
Meaning: To obstruct and stop something from continuing to its destination
Tamil Meaning: குறுக்கிட்டு பிடித்தல்
Malayalam Meaning: തടസ്സപ്പെടുത്തുക
Kannada Meaning: ತಡೆಯು
Synonyms: catch, stop, block, capture
Antonyms: allow, permit, let through, facilitate
Example Sentence: Traditional encryption becomes vulnerable when adversaries can intercept and decrypt messages.

35. instantaneous

Type: (Part of speech: Adjective)
Meaning: Occurring immediately; done without delay
Tamil Meaning: உடனடி
Malayalam Meaning: തത്‌ക്ഷണം
Kannada Meaning: ತಕ್ಷಣದ
Synonyms: immediate, instant, prompt, swift
Antonyms: delayed, gradual, slow, prolonged
Example Sentence: Quantum communication provides instantaneous detection of any security breach.

36. decrypt

Type: (Part of speech: Verb)
Meaning: To convert encrypted data back into its original form
Tamil Meaning: மறைமுக குறியீட்டை அறிதல்
Malayalam Meaning: ഡിക്രിപ്റ്റ് ചെയ്യുക
Kannada Meaning: ಡೀಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟ್ ಮಾಡು
Synonyms: decode, decipher, unlock, unscramble
Antonyms: encrypt, encode, scramble, cipher
Example Sentence: Only authorised parties should be able to decrypt sensitive government communications.

37. compromised

Type: (Part of speech: Verb/Adjective)
Meaning: Exposed to danger or risk; having security breached
Tamil Meaning: பாதிக்கப்பட்ட
Malayalam Meaning: വിട്ടുവീഴ്ച ചെയ്ത
Kannada Meaning: ಹಾಳಾದ
Synonyms: breached, exposed, endangered, violated
Antonyms: secure, protected, safe, intact
Example Sentence: The communication channel was immediately abandoned once it was discovered to be compromised.

38. rub

Type: (Part of speech: Noun - Idiom)
Meaning: The central difficulty or problem; the main issue
Tamil Meaning: முக்கிய பிரச்சனை
Malayalam Meaning: പ്രധാന പ്രശ്നം
Kannada Meaning: ಮುಖ್ಯ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ
Synonyms: problem, difficulty, obstacle, challenge
Antonyms: solution, ease, advantage, benefit
Example Sentence: The rub lies in implementing quantum technology on a practical, large-scale basis.

39. outlay

Type: (Part of speech: Noun)
Meaning: An amount of money spent on something; expenditure
Tamil Meaning: செலவு
Malayalam Meaning: ചെലവ്
Kannada Meaning: ವೆಚ್ಚ
Synonyms: expenditure, cost, expense, investment
Antonyms: income, revenue, profit, savings
Example Sentence: The government approved a substantial outlay for the National Quantum Mission.

40. assailing

Type: (Part of speech: Verb)
Meaning: Attacking or criticising forcefully; troubling persistently
Tamil Meaning: தாக்குதல்
Malayalam Meaning: ആക്രമിക്കുന്ന
Kannada Meaning: ಆಕ್ರಮಣ
Synonyms: attacking, troubling, plaguing, afflicting
Antonyms: helping, supporting, assisting, defending
Example Sentence: The same problems assailing other research projects are now affecting the Quantum Mission.

41. beset

Type: (Part of speech: Verb)
Meaning: To trouble or threaten persistently; to harass
Tamil Meaning: சூழ்ந்து கொண்ட
Malayalam Meaning: വലയുന്ന
Kannada Meaning: ಕಾಡುವ
Synonyms: troubled, plagued, harassed, surrounded
Antonyms: freed, liberated, untroubled, assisted
Example Sentence: The quantum research program has been beset by funding delays and administrative hurdles.

42. disbursed

Type: (Part of speech: Verb)
Meaning: To pay out money from a fund; to distribute funds
Tamil Meaning: வழங்கப்பட்ட
Malayalam Meaning: വിതരണം ചെയ്ത
Kannada Meaning: ವಿತರಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ
Synonyms: distributed, paid out, allocated, released
Antonyms: withheld, retained, collected, gathered
Example Sentence: Only a small fraction of the allocated funds has been disbursed to research institutions.

43. trivial

Type: (Part of speech: Adjective)
Meaning: Of little importance or value; insignificant
Tamil Meaning: சிறிய
Malayalam Meaning: നിസ്സാരം
Kannada Meaning: ಅಲ್ಪ
Synonyms: insignificant, minor, negligible, small
Antonyms: significant, major, important, substantial
Example Sentence: Venture capital investment in quantum startups has remained trivial compared to other sectors.

44. persistent

Type: (Part of speech: Adjective)
Meaning: Continuing firmly despite difficulty or opposition; lasting
Tamil Meaning: தொடர்ந்து நிலைத்திருக்கும்
Malayalam Meaning: സ്ഥിരമായ
Kannada Meaning: ನಿರಂತರ
Synonyms: continuous, enduring, constant, tenacious
Antonyms: intermittent, temporary, sporadic, brief
Example Sentence: Persistent foreign dependencies continue to hamper India's quantum research capabilities.

45. dependencies

Type: (Part of speech: Noun)
Meaning: Reliance on something or someone for support; things that depend on others
Tamil Meaning: சார்ந்திருத்தல்
Malayalam Meaning: ആശ്രയത്വം
Kannada Meaning: ಅವಲಂಬನೆ
Synonyms: reliance, dependence, addiction, attachment
Antonyms: independence, self-reliance, autonomy, freedom
Example Sentence: India's foreign dependencies in quantum technology need to be reduced through domestic manufacturing.

46. dwarfed

Type: (Part of speech: Verb)
Meaning: Made to seem small or insignificant by comparison
Tamil Meaning: சிறியதாக்கப்பட்ட
Malayalam Meaning: ചെറുതാക്കിയ
Kannada Meaning: ಚಿಕ್ಕದಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಲಾಗಿದೆ
Synonyms: overshadowed, diminished, minimised, reduced
Antonyms: magnified, enlarged, emphasised, highlighted
Example Sentence: India's quantum research budget is dwarfed by the investments made by the United States and China.

With today’s The Hindu Editorial from 21 June 2025, you've learned 45+ powerful English vocabulary words with their meaning, meaning in English, meaning in Tamil, meaning in Kannada, meaning in Malayalam, synonyms, antonyms and example sentences. Consistent practice like these builds not just your word bank but also sharpens your comprehension and expression for competitive exams and real-world communication.

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